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- Alcohol-Induced Changes in Brain Microstructure: Uncovering Novel Pathophysiological Mechanisms of AUD Using Translational DTI in Humans and Rodentsby Wolfgang H Sommer on 13 Maggio 2025
Alcohol use disorder (AUD) induces significant structural alterations in both gray and white matter, contributing to cognitive and functional impairments. This chapter presents a translational neuroimaging approach using diffusion-weighted MRI in humans and rodents to uncover novel pathophysiological mechanisms underlying AUD. Our studies demonstrate that increased mean diffusivity (MD) in gray matter reflects microglial reactivity and reduced extracellular space tortuosity, leading to enhanced...
- Noninvasive Brain Stimulation for Neurodevelopmental Disorders: A Systematic Reviewby Sergi López-Rodríguez on 12 Maggio 2025
Neurodevelopmental disorders (NDDs) affect brain development, leading to diverse cognitive, social, behavioral, and affective impairments. Noninvasive brain stimulation (NIBS) techniques, such as transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS), transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS), and transcranial photobiomodulation (tPBM), have been investigated as potential treatments for NDDs. The authors of this systematic review evaluated the literature on NIBS in NDDs, including double-blind,...
- Fast FEM-based electric field calculations for transcranial magnetic stimulationby Fang Cao on 12 Maggio 2025
To provide a Finite-Element Method (FEM) for rapid, repeated evaluations of the electric field induced by transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) in the brain for changing coil positions. Approach: Previously, we introduced a first-order tetrahedral FEM enhanced by super-convergent patch recovery (SPR), striking a good balance between computational efficiency and accuracy (Saturnino et al J. Neural Eng. 162019 066032). In this study, we refined the method to accommodate repeated...
- TMS: Unlocking the Brain's Power to Transform Surgery-Free Mental Healthby Jim Banks on 9 Maggio 2025
Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS)-is already an established therapy for neurological conditions, including depression and obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD), as well as being FDA-approved for smoking cessation. Its success in helping patients with treatment-resistant depression through the modulation of activity in specific areas of the brain has established TMS as a safe and effective therapy that could be used to target other areas of the brain and, therefore, treat a vast array of...
- Topography of Functional Organization of Beat Perception in Human Premotor Cortex: Causal Evidence From a Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation (TMS) Studyby Giorgio Lazzari on 9 Maggio 2025
Humans can flexibly extract a regular beat from complex rhythmic auditory patterns, as often occurs in music. Contemporary models of beat perception suggest that the premotor cortex (PMC) and the supplementary motor area (SMA) are integral to this process. However, how these motor planning regions actively contribute to beat perception, along with any potential hemispheric specialization, remains open questions. Therefore, following the validation of stimuli in a behavioral experiment...
- Psychoneuroimmunoendocrinological and neuroanatomical basis of suicidal behavior: potential therapeutic strategies with a focus on transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS)by Hesed Virto-Farfan on 8 Maggio 2025
Suicidal behavior is a complex phenomenon influenced by psychological, environmental, and biological factors. It affects a significant portion of the global population, with more than 720,000 deaths annually and millions of individuals experiencing suicidal ideation. Among those who attempt suicide, only a fraction progresses to a fatal outcome, emphasizing the importance of understanding individual vulnerabilities. This review explores the neuroanatomical basis of suicidal behavior, focusing on...
- Neuromodulation in Chronic Migraine: Evidence and Recommendations from the GRADE Frameworkby Claudio Tana on 8 Maggio 2025
Chronic migraine (CM) affects approximately 2% of the general population and is defined by the persistence of migraine symptoms for at least 15 days per month for at least 3 months. CM is often refractory to common drug treatments and is associated with a significant burden in functions of daily life during ictal phases, productivity loss, and direct costs. Modulation of pain is considered pivotal to reduce its impact and to improve the quality of life among patients with CM. In recent years,...
- Investigating resting-state functional connectivity of the human hand motor system: an offline TMS-fMRI studyby Enrica Pierotti on 8 Maggio 2025
Skillful hand motor control engages complex interactions within a widespread brain network. Previous studies in non-human primates provided a precise picture of its connectivity profiles. Yet, whether the human hand motor network shows a similar connectivity fingerprints is still unclear. Our aim was to better characterize its functional connectivity profiles. We combined offline Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation (TMS) with resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging (RS-fMRI) to map the...
- Neuromodulation by repetitive paired-pulse TMS at late I-wave intervals in older adultsby Wei-Yeh Liao on 6 Maggio 2025
The efficacy of indirect (I) wave periodicity repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (iTMS) on the excitability of primary motor cortex (M1) in young adults can be modified by changing the late I-wave interval. Given that late I-wave activity is altered in older adults, this could contribute to age-related changes in M1 plasticity. To assess this possibility, the present study investigated the effects of iTMS using three late I-wave intervals (4.0, 4.5, and 5.0 ms) on M1 excitability in 17...
- TMS-EEG evidence links random exploration to inhibitory mechanisms in the dorsolateral prefrontal cortexby Mojtaba Chizari on 5 Maggio 2025
Adaptive decision-making in uncertain environments requires balancing exploration and exploitation. Computational models distinguish between directed exploration, involving deliberate information-seeking, and random exploration, characterized by stochastic variability. The neural correlates of these strategies have been investigated in previous studies. However, while prior research implicates the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC) in random exploration, its underlying excitatory and...
- Predictable transcranial magnetic stimulation suppresses corticospinal excitability: a TMS experimentby Napat Sriutaisuk on 4 Maggio 2025
Motor skill learning plays a crucial role in human functioning and is often studied using transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) to assess corticospinal excitability (CSE). CSE, which reflects the motor system's responsiveness, is compared across experimental conditions to determine whether a factor facilitates or inhibits motor skill learning. However, variability in stimulation predictability may confound interpretation of CSE measures. In this study, we examined the impact of TMS...
- Assessing Neuromodulation Effects of Theta Burst Stimulation to the Prefrontal Cortex Using Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation Electroencephalography (TMS-EEG)by Stevan Nikolin on 1 Maggio 2025
Theta burst stimulation (TBS), a form of repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS), is capable of non-invasively modulating cortical excitability. TBS is gaining popularity as a therapeutic tool for psychiatric disorders such as depression, in which the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC) is the main therapeutic target. However, the neuromodulatory effects of TBS on prefrontal regions remain unclear. Concurrent transcranial magnetic stimulation and electroencephalography (TMS-EEG)...
- Visuomotor paired associative stimulation enhances corticospinal excitability in post-stroke patients with upper-limb hemiparesisby Michela Picardi on 1 Maggio 2025
We assess the effectiveness of a visuomotor paired associative stimulation (vm-PAS) protocol targeting the Action Observation Network (AON) in chronic post-stroke patients with upper-limb mild hemiparesis. Vm-PAS consisted of hand-grasping action observation stimuli repeatedly paired with transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) pulses over the ipsilesional primary motor cortex (M1). Fifteen post-stroke patients underwent a session of the vm-PAS and, as a control, of the standard excitatory PAS...
- Cerebellar activity affects distal cortical physiology and synaptic plasticity in a human parietal-motor pathway associated with motor actionsby Elana R Goldenkoff on 30 Aprile 2025
Voluntary movement control depends on plasticity in several interconnected brain regions, including the cerebellum (CB), primary motor cortex (M1), and posterior parietal cortex (PPC). It is thought that one role of the CB is to regulate communication between PPC and M1, but causal evidence for this regulatory role in humans remains lacking. Here, we evaluated how transiently altering activity in CB via intermittent theta burst stimulation (iTBS) affects PPC-M1 connectivity and plasticity by...
- Cortical Plasticity Induced by Pairing Primary Motor Cortex Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation With Subthalamic Nucleus Magneto-Acoustic Coupling Stimulationby Ruixu Liu on 29 Aprile 2025
Paired cortical and deep stimulation has the potential to induce enhanced cortical plasticity. Ideally, such stimulation should be noninvasive and precisely controlled. A novel paired stimulation method, combining transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) with transcranial magneto-acoustic coupled stimulation (TMAS), named TMS-TMAS, was proposed to achieve such stimulations. Although the primary motor cortex (M1) is stimulated using TMS, the pulsed magnetic field is coupled with a focused...