INTRODUCTION AND AIM: Understanding brain functions increasingly relies on a network-based perspective, emphasizing interactions across distributed regions. High-order cognitive functions, like language and executive processes, engage such networks rather than isolated cortical areas, yet mapping their dynamics in humans remains challenging. The supplementary motor area (SMA) complex serves as a crucial hub, functioning as an interface between cognitive and sensorimotor processing. Navigated...

Intermittent Theta-Burst Stimulation (iTBS) of the Dorsolateral Prefrontal Cortex (DLPFC) has the potential to enhance cognitive function by inducing long-term potentiation-like effects, modulating cortical excitability and network plasticity. However, the precise effects of iTBS across specific cognitive domains, age groups, and hemispheres remains unclear. Fifty-three adults aged 19-73 years, participated in a within-subject crossover designed study, receiving iTBS to the left and right DLPFC...

Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) is a novel approved therapy for treatment-resistant depression. Little is known about its neurocognitive mechanisms of action. The existing literature has focused on resting-state neuroimaging. It therefore remains unknown what information processing changes TMS induces during treatment that drive mood change. Here we tested the hypothesis that transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) treatment changes emotional bias, increasing the focus on positive...

Short-interval intracortical inhibition (SICI), a paired-pulse transcranial magnetic stimulation (pp-TMS) paradigm, provides an in vivo marker of GABA-A-mediated inhibitory tone in the human cortex. SICI has been extensively characterized at the local level, but its relationship with brain network dynamics remains unclear. Here, we investigated whether interindividual variability in SICI correlates with resting-state functional connectivity (FC) derived from high-density EEG (HD-EEG). Eighteen...

CONCLUSION: Patients with CID demonstrated lower cortical excitability, decreased brain activity, and reduced task-related functional connectivity relative to the SID group. This finding indicates distinct neurological profiles between short-term and chronic insomnia, a distinction that will be critical for tailoring effective neuromodulatory interventions.

Source localization is a technique used to estimate the sources of brain activity based on signals recorded from the scalp. Accurate source localization critically depends on the precise spatial digitization of sensor locations. In this protocol, we present a practical and reliable method for digitizing sensor locations using the Navigated Brain Stimulation (NBS) system. NBS is a component of Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation (TMS) equipment commonly available in TMS laboratories, but rarely...

Visceral signals, such as cardiac oscillations, are considered a significant source influencing ongoing cortical activity. Research has shown that perceptual and cognitive functions fluctuate with the heart cycle. Seminal studies proposed that upstream signals tied to cardiac contraction (i.e., systole) inhibit brain activity. However, a clear relationship between cardiac phases and cortical excitability, measured by motor-evoked potentials (MEPs) via transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS), is...

CONCLUSION: Inflammatory pain induces widespread inhibition of neuronal activity in cortical and subcortical nuclei. The core mechanisms of electroacupuncture analgesia may involve direct reversal of abnormal inhibition in the lateral septal nucleus, caudate putamen, accumbens nucleus, and the anterior cortical amygdaloid area and activation of the granular insular cortex, medial septal nucleus and the extended amygdala for pain information integration.

CONCLUSIONS: Findings demonstrate that an interaction of mu-power and -phase, and power in other frequency bands of the EEG signal from the sensorimotor cortex prior to the TMS pulse predict corticospinal excitability of the M1 leg representation.

CONCLUSIONS: Mirror movements can be interpreted within a tri-layer model reflecting distinct disruptions in corticospinal connectivity, interhemispheric inhibition, and supraspinal motor control.

CONCLUSIONS: These findings provide early evidence for the generalizability of connectivity-guided personalized TMS in a naturalistic Asian TRD population with substantial psychiatric comorbidities. TAO-TMS offers a cost-effective alternative to ECT, positioning it as a viable precision psychiatry intervention.

Non-primary motor areas, including dorsal premotor cortex (PMd), ventral premotor cortex (PMv), and posterior parietal cortex (PPC), contribute to movement planning, but how these regions differentially shape kinematic features of goal-directed movements, and how this specialization is associated with functional connectivity within the frontoparietal network, remains of interest, particularly in relation to recovery after stroke. We used functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI), transcranial...

Brain tumors involving the primary motor cortex can disrupt corticospinal physiology through mass effect, tract involvement, and maladaptive plasticity. Preoperative transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) provides a direct measure of cortical excitability and correlates with intraoperative mapping, but the TMS parameters most relevant to postoperative motor outcomes remain uncertain. This study evaluated whether preoperative TMS excitability measures differ from healthy norms and whether they...

Parkinson's disease (PD) is an incurable neurological disorder that often begins insidiously with sleep disturbances and somatic symptoms, progressing to whole-body motor and cognitive symptoms^(1-5). Dysfunction of the somato-cognitive action network (SCAN)-which is thought to control action execution^(6,7) by coordinating arousal, organ physiology and whole-body motor plans with behavioural motivation-is a potential contributor to the diverse clinical manifestations of PD. To investigate the...

This chapter explores evidence for the effectiveness of noninvasive brain stimulation (NIBS) for tic disorders and explores what the future may hold for these approaches. NIBS can be achieved through several means, including electrical stimulation of peripheral nerves and transcranial cortical stimulation using electrical or magnetic stimulation. Each of these techniques will be discussed with a focus on current evidence of effectiveness in treating tics, benefits, limitations, and current...