Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) elicits characteristic cortical responses known as TMS-evoked potentials (TEPs) measured via electroencephalography (EEG). An early negative peak can be consistently evoked over the motor cortex at around 15 ms (N15). It remains elusive whether N15 overlaps with the cortical regions receiving the highest TMS-induced electric field (E-field). We characterized the source activity of the N15 component relative to the TMS-induced E-field in 16 healthy adults...

Visual experience requires orchestration of intricate brain connections. One of the most influential models of human visual information processing posits two segregated streams and postulates that conscious object recognition relies exclusively on the ventral visual stream. However, recent evidence suggests that the dorsal stream is involved in encoding crucial attributes of visual object recognition, such as global shape. The specific role of the dorsal stream is controversial in this context....

CONCLUSION: Noninvasive brain stimulation in ALS does not significantly improve functional outcomes, but induces measurable neurophysiological changes with a strong safety profile. Further studies should optimize protocols and identify responsive subgroups.

BACKGROUND: Individuals receiving buprenorphine treatment for opioid use disorder (OUD) remain at high risk for treatment discontinuation and return to opioid use. Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) has shown efficacy in reducing craving and substance use in other substance use disorders, but its application in OUD remains limited and the neural mechanism underlying its therapeutic effects is poorly understood. Determining the feasibility and generalizability of TMS in patients receiving...

CONCLUSION: High-frequency left-DLPFC rTMS exposure was associated with improved executive recovery and measurable frontal-network modulation after traumatic brain injury. These findings suggest that multimodal neurophysiological and imaging biomarkers may provide useful measures of target engagement for future prospective studies. Given the retrospective observational design, modest sample size, and short-term follow-up, causal inferences regarding treatment effects or biomarker-guided...

Non-human primates (NHPs) provide an essential translational platform for investigating neural mechanisms underlying brain aging and neurodegenerative diseases. Their neuroanatomical organization, cortical complexity, and cognitive capacities share close parallels with those of humans, enabling a degree of experimental precision that rodent models cannot achieve. Electroencephalography (EEG) offers a non-invasive method for monitoring neuronal population activity with high temporal resolution,...

CONCLUSIONS: To our knowledge, this study is the first adequately powered randomized controlled trial examining efficacy, cost-effectiveness, and mechanism of action of rTMS for OCD as adjuvant therapy to ERP. In case of efficacy and/or cost-effectiveness, it will pave the way for rTMS as insured health care for adults with OCD in the Netherlands, and possibly other European countries. Furthermore, this trial will provide insight into the mechanisms of treatment response to intensive ERP, with...

CONCLUSION: This real-time EEG-TMS system demonstrates the technical feasibility of prediction-free phase-specific stimulation across physiologically relevant frequencies. By reducing dependence on predictive phase extrapolation, the approach provides a platform for studying phase-dependent brain physiology and for developing closed-loop neuromodulation protocols with improved temporal precision.

Sleep disorders are a growing global health issue with profound consequences on cardiovascular health, metabolic functioning, cognitive output and overall quality of life. Although there have been numerous clinical advances in brain-based treatments for sleep disorders, there are still a number of sleep disorders that are not well understood and need new treatment options to address the underlying neural mechanisms of sleep-wake regulation. Recent advances in neuroscience have highlighted...

CONCLUSIONS: The results suggest time-dependent and region-specific modulation of cortical excitability during acute alcohol intoxication. Alcohol's effects are dynamic, regionally heterogeneous, and not limited to simple global suppression. TMS-EEG offers a promising tool for assessing alcohol-related changes in cortical functions.

Major depressive disorder (MDD) is increasingly recognized as a systemic disorder involving dysregulation of the heart-brain axis (HBA). Mounting evidence links impaired HBA signaling to the pathogenesis of major depressive disorder. Emerging data indicate that neuromodulation-mediated autonomic alterations correlate with depressive symptom remission. Although neuromodulatory therapies are widely deployed clinically, HBA-based biomarkers remain experimental, and no consistent physiological...

CONCLUSION: Combined noninvasive brain stimulation and acupuncture may provide additional benefits for post-stroke motor and functional recovery. However, current findings should be interpreted cautiously because of substantial heterogeneity, sparse evidence for some intervention nodes, risk-of-bias concerns, and limited confidence in several network estimates.

Episodic memory retrieval relies on encoding-pattern reinstatement (EPR), the reactivation of neural representations formed during encoding. Although EPR has been associated with successful remembering, it remains unclear whether this process can be proactively enhanced at retrieval. Specifically, it is unknown whether targeted brain stimulation immediately before retrieval can strengthen cortical reinstatement and improve memory in a content-specific manner. To address this question, we...

This study investigated whether a single session of repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS), specifically theta burst stimulation (TBS), acutely modulates visual function under conditions of induced optical defocus. Twelve adults with normal or corrected-to-normal vision participated in a pre-registered, within-subject, double-blind, sham-controlled study. Participants first adapted to an experimentally induced + 1.50D optical blur for 10 minutes. Following this, stimulation was...

Antipsychotic medications remain the conventional treatment for treatment-resistant schizophrenia (TRS), yet some patients exhibit poor responses. Due to the limitations of pharmacological interventions, physical therapies are increasingly recognized as essential supplements in managing TRS. This article systematically examines the current clinical applications and research advances of physical therapeutic techniques for TRS. Existing evidence suggests that electroconvulsive therapy (ECT),...