CONCLUSION: rTMS exhibited frequency-dependent therapeutic efficacy in rapid ejaculation rat models, with high-frequency protocols demonstrating superior benefits compared with low-frequency interventions. These effects are mediated through activation of the BDNF-TrkB pathway and enhanced serotonergic signaling, suggesting high-frequency rTMS as a promising non-pharmacological therapy for PE.

CONCLUSIONS: FMDs reflect circuit-level dysfunction, supporting neuromodulation as a rational intervention. High-frequency rTMS over M1 and anodal tDCS over DLPFC yield modest clinical benefits, but placebo effects remain a confounder. Future progress requires addressing methodological gaps, validating biomarkers, and integrating neuromodulation within personalized, multidisciplinary frameworks that account for socioeconomic and psychosocial contexts to meaningfully reduce disability.

CONCLUSIONS: Ipsilateral motor pathways of the external oblique muscles have physiological features unlike those of contralateral motor pathways.

40Hz transcranial alternating current stimulation (tACS) has gained attention in cognitive rehabilitation due to its potential to modulate neural oscillations and enhance synaptic plasticity. Most previous studies have focused on single-target stimulation, but post-stroke cognitive impairment (PSCI) involves dysfunction across multiple brain networks. Therefore, multi-target synchronous intervention may offer greater benefits. This case report presents the results of a patient with PSCI who...

INTRODUCTION: Anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) tears are common in athletic and nonathletic populations, often resulting from activities involving rapid directional changes that place stress on the knee. Although advances in surgery and rehabilitation have improved recovery, many patients still struggle to regain pre-injury performance and face increased risk of re-injury. We hypothesize that combining standard rehabilitation with transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) may accelerate...

CONCLUSION: This updated meta-analysis provides evidence that rTMS is a safe and effective intervention for improving motor symptoms and cognitive function in PD patients. However, its effects on mood and long-term outcomes require further investigation.

CONCLUSION: A comprehensive understanding of TMS is essential for overcoming challenges in its clinical application. Optimizing the selection of coils, stimulation protocols, theoretical frameworks, and target sites is critical to enhancing treatment efficacy. Given the persistent inter- and intra-individual variability observed in current studies, future research should focus on precise targeting, elucidating therapeutic mechanisms, and improving reproducibility.

There is increasing evidence that the cerebellum contributes to feedback processing in reinforcement learning. As yet, it has not been investigated whether the cerebellum also contributes to error processing in reinforcement learning. Studies have shown, however, that the cerebellum is involved in the processing of response errors in non-reinforcement learning contexts, for example, in response conflict tasks. In the present study, we aimed to extend these findings to the processing of response...

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Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) is essential for the comprehensive treatment of major depressive disorder (MDD). Around Australia, it is widely available in private practice, but in few Public Mental Health Services. TMS is a revolutionary treatment. Using electromagnetic apparatus, the function of precise local and distant regions of the brain can be modulated, with minimal side effects. Half of patients with MDD do not respond to antidepressant medication. However, a large proportion...

Major depressive disorder (MDD) is one of the most prevalent psychiatric conditions and is characterized by alterations in cortical excitability, network connectivity, and neuroplasticity. Despite significant progress in neuroimaging and neurophysiology, the identification of objective and reliable biomarkers remains a major challenge, limiting diagnostic accuracy and treatment optimization. Transcranial magnetic stimulation combined with electroencephalography (TMS-EEG) has emerged as a...

The posterior middle temporal gyrus (pMTG) has been implicated in sensorimotor control of speech production, but the causality underlying this relationship remains largely unclear. The present event-related potential study employed dual-site continuous theta burst stimulation (c-TBS) over the left and right pMTGs concurrently to investigate their causal roles and interhemispheric interactions in vocal feedback control. Following bilateral c-TBS, unilateral c-TBS paired with contralateral sham...

Interhemispheric inhibition (IHI) acts between hemispheres to decrease motor cortical excitability. IHI changes during movement preparation, but it is unknown whether altering IHI, independent of other factors, alters movement initiation. For the index finger abductor muscle (first dorsal interosseous; FDI), IHI is weaker during contralateral index abduction than adduction. Thus, this study aimed to modulate IHI through contralateral contraction and measure resultant changes in reaction time....

Objective.Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) is widely employed to diagnose neurological conditions and for preoperative functional brain mapping. However, the electric field (EF) distribution in the brain is often distorted by anatomical and electrical complexities, including brain tumors, which compromise localization accuracy. Conventional head models based on segmentation assume uniform tissue conductivity, which fails to capture tumor heterogeneity and introduces uncertainty into EF...

Non-Invasive Brain Stimulation (NIBS) techniques, including Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation (TMS) and Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation (tDCS), have emerged as valuable tools in neuroscience, clinical interventions, and hypnosis research. NIBS enables the modulation of neural activity to explore brain-behaviour relationships through causal approaches. TMS, relying on magnetic fields to induce cortical stimulation, has demonstrated its utility in enhancing hypnotic suggestibility, albeit...