Highly accurate visualization of the points of transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) application on the brain cortical surface could provide anatomy-specific analysis of TMS effects. TMS is widely used to activate cortical areas with high spatial resolution, and neuronavigation enables site-specific TMS of particular gyrus sites. Precise control of TMS application points is crucial in determining the stimulation effects. Here, we propose a method that gives an opportunity to visualize and...

The central nervous system (CNS) moves the human body by forming a plan in the primary motor cortex and then executing this plan by activating the relevant muscles. It is possible to study motor planning by using noninvasive brain stimulation techniques to stimulate the motor cortex prior to a movement and examine the evoked responses. Studying the motor planning process can reveal useful information about the CNS, but previous studies have generally been limited to single degree of freedom...

Once formed, the fate of memory is uncertain. Subsequent offline interactions between even different memory types (actions versus words) modify retention.¹^(,)²^(,)³^(,)⁴^(,)⁵^(,)⁶ These interactions may occur due to different oscillations functionally linking together different memory types within a circuit.⁷^(,)⁸^(,)⁹^(,)^(10)^(,)^(11)^(,)^(12)^(,)^(13) With memory processing driving the circuit, it may become less susceptible to external influences.^(14) We tested this prediction by...

CONCLUSIONS: For patients with different injury types, degrees of injury, and different onset periods, individualized intervention methods should be adopted. The evaluation methods should be as diverse as possible, and the rehabilitation effects of patients should be assessed from multiple perspectives to avoid the limitations of single factors. Possible mechanism: After brain injury, the nervous system can change its structure and function through different ways and maintain it for a certain...

CONCLUSIONS: In well-recovered patients, an increased MEP ratio between the ipsilesional and contralesional motor cortex could be an indicator of improved somatosensory functioning following stroke.

Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder (OCD) is a mental health condition causing significant decline in the quality of life of sufferers and the limited knowledge on the pathophysiology hinders successful treatment. The aim of the current study was to examine electroencephalographic (EEG) findings of OCD to broaden our understanding of the disease. Resting-state eyes-closed EEG data was recorded from 25 individuals with OCD and 27 healthy controls (HC). The 1/f arrhythmic activity was removed prior to...

The mechanisms that underpin recovery following mild traumatic brain injury (mTBI) remain poorly understood. Identifying neurophysiological markers and their functional significance is necessary to develop diagnostic and prognostic indicators of recovery. The current study assessed 30 participants in the subacute phase of mTBI (10-31 days post-injury) and 28 demographically matched controls. Participants also completed 3 month (mTBI: N = 21, control: N = 25) and 6 month (mTBI: N = 15, control: N...

Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) has become a promising strategy for bipolar disorder (BD). This study reviews neuroimaging findings, indicating functional, structural, and metabolic brain changes associated with TMS in BD. Web of Science, Embase, Medline, and Google Scholar were searched without any restrictions for studies investigating neuroimaging biomarkers, through structural magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), diffusion tensor imaging (DTI), functional MRI (fMRI), magnetic resonance...

In communication, much information is conveyed not explicitly but rather covertly, based on shared assumptions and common knowledge. For instance, when asked "Did you bring your cat to the vet?" a person could reply "It got hurt jumping down the table", thereby implicating that, indeed, the cat was brought to the vet. The assumption that getting hurt jumping down a table motivates a vet visit is tacitly attributed to the speaker by the listener, which might engage Theory of Mind (ToM) processes....

CONCLUSIONS: Our results indicate that abnormal frontal asymmetry is related to a key cognitive symptom in ADHD and suggest that it is underlined by reduced right-frontal excitability.

CONCLUSIONS: Cerebral potentials evoked by TMS of the lateral cerebellum provide a neurophysiological probe of cerebellar function that complements the existing CBI method. They may provide novel insight into mechanisms of visuomotor adaptation and other cognitive processes.

BACKGROUND: Stroke is a major cause of death and the most frequent cause of permanent disability in western countries. Repetitive transcranial brain stimulation (rTMS) has been used to enhance neuronal plasticity after stroke, yet with only moderate effect sizes. Here we will apply a highly innovative technology that synchronizes rTMS to specific brain states identified by real-time analysis of electroencephalography.

CONCLUSION: TI is more evenly distributed to the paretic FDI and BIC in chronic stroke. The relative increase in proximal inhibition does not relate to better function, as it does distally.

The analysis of motor evoked potentials (MEPs) generated by transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) is crucial in research and clinical medical practice. MEPs are characterized by their latency and the treatment of a single patient may require the characterization of thousands of MEPs. Given the difficulty of developing reliable and accurate algorithms, currently the assessment of MEPs is performed with visual inspection and manual annotation by a medical expert; making it a time-consuming,...

Accelerated TMS is an emerging application of Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation (TMS) aimed to reduce treatment length and improve response time. Extant literature generally shows similar efficacy and safety profiles compared to the FDA-cleared protocols for TMS to treat major depressive disorder (MDD), yet accelerated TMS research remains at a very early stage in development. The few applied protocols have not been standardized and vary significantly across a set of core elements. In this...